不管是古代中国,还是日本,美国,通过对一个人的称谓可以透露彼此距离的远近。

中国人包括学生和学者来到美国,开始不知道如何称呼对方,

大部分的美国人不希望称全名,不希望称先生,当然,外交礼仪除外。
同事同学直接就省下姓,直接称名。比尔·盖茨会让你叫他比尔。更近些的人,就可能让你称呼昵称,比如叫 Thomas 的告诉你就叫他 Tom,叫Anthony 的就称他 Tony。

但是要有条件:

1、是大家都这样称呼,
2、他希望你这样称呼。

1. 从名称到昵称:缩写

Abraham → Abe,Anthony → Tony
Benjamin, Benedict → Ben, Benny
Carolyn → Carol, Lyn, Carrie/Cary,Christopher → Chris, Criffer, Topher
Deborah → Deb, Debby
Elizabeth → Eliza, Libby, Liz, Lizzy, Lisa, Beth, Bess
Fiona → Fi
Gregory → Greg
Jacob → Jake;Jonathan → Jon, John, Nathan;Joseph → Joe, Joey
Katherine → Kate, Katy, Kathy;Katrina → Kat, Trina
Matthew → Matt;Megan → Meg
Nathan, Nathaniel → Nat, Nate
Peter → Pete, Petey;Priscilla → Cilla, Priss, Cilly, Prissy
Raymond → Ray;Robert → Rob, Bert, Bob
Samuel, Samantha → Sam, Sammy
Stephanie → Steph, Annie, Stephy
Victoria → Tori, Vick, Vicky
Zachary → Zach

2. 从名称到昵称:加、减后缀,通常有-ie即或-y

虽然最常用于儿童的名字,也用于成人,尤其在家人,朋友和熟人之间:

Alexander, Alexandra → Sandy;Anne → Annie;Arthur, Arturo → Art → Artie;Andrew → Andy → Drew
Barnaby → Barney
Daniel → Dan → Danny;David → Dave → Davy
Dennis → Denny;
Edwin, Edward, Edmund → Ed → Eddie, Eddy;Elaine → Lainie
Franklin→ Frank → Frankie
George → Georgie
Isabella → Izzy
James → Jamie;Jessica → Jess → Jessie;Joel, Joseph → Joe → Joey
Jonathan → Jon, John → Jonnie, Johnnie, Johnny
Katherine → Katie;Kimberly → Kim → Kimmy;Kenneth → Ken → Kenny
Lawrence → Larry;Louis → Lou → Louie
Nicholas → Nick → Nicky
Oliver → Ollie
Ronald → Ron → Ronnie; Rosemary → Rose → Rosie/Rosy
Stephen → Steve → Stevie;Susan → Sue → Susie, Suzy
Thomas → Tom → Tommy;Timothy → Tim → Timmy;Tobias → Toby
William → Will, Bill, Willie, Willy, Billy

3 从名字到昵称:存在明显不同

这种情况下,可能更多的是照顾发音。

Barbara → Babs
Charles → Chuck → Chaz → Chicka
Dorothy → Dot, Dottie
Edward → Ted, Teddy (如 Edward “Ted” Kennedy);Eleanor, Helen → Nell, Nellie;Elizabeth → Bess, Bessie
Gerald → Jerry
Henry → Hal, Hank, Harry
James → Jim → Jimbo, Jimmy;John → Jack
Katherine → Kitty
Margaret → Peggy, Peg, Meg
Philippa → Pippa, Pip or Pippy
Richard → Dick
Sarah → Sally
Theodore → Ted, Teddy
Virginia → Ginger, Ginny

references

英文名字的昵称爱称